In June of 1865, Major General Gordon Granger, a New York-born West Point graduate and a Union officer in the Civil War, made his way on horseback across the recently defeated Confederacy to Galveston, Texas, with 1,800 Union soldiers at his command. Granger was placed in charge of the Lone Star State and bringing Texas back into some semblance of Union rule.
That was no easy feat. “The Great Rebellion,” as the Civil War was more commonly known at the time, had ended two months earlier, in Appomattox, Virginia. President Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated in the aftermath, and his vice president, Andrew Johnson, a southerner by birth and former slave owner, had assumed the presidency. A sense of anarchy and regional resentments reigned in the south. Bands of rebel militias refused to acknowledge defeat and wrought terror on isolated Union commands and slave communities.
Legend has it that news of the Emancipation Proclamation, signed into law by Lincoln and effective on Jan. 1, 1863, had been slow to reach Texas. That was not the case. Telegraph news services promptly reported events of the day in newspapers throughout the country. White Texans simply refused to adhere to federal law. The editors of The Galveston Daily News called for a “gradual system of emancipation” and described Lincoln’s proclamation as “repugnant.” It took the presence of an occupying army to administer the law.
It was on June 19 of 1865 that Granger posted a declaration that Texas would henceforth be ruled by the U.S. Constitution: “The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free,” Granger declared. “This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor.”
Slaves in Texas were now formally free—certainly a cause for joy and celebration—but, in practice, the institution of their rights was far more complex. A rarely cited caveat to Granger’s dictum illuminates the broader story: “The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages,” he cautioned. “They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere.”

Louden Nelson

Native of Tennessee

Born May 5, 1800

Died May 17, 1860

He was a colored man

and willed all his property

to Santa Cruz School

District No. 1. Rest in Peace.

Nelson’s legendary act of generosity to the local school system has been a cultural touchstone in the community for more than a century. But for much of that time, the legend was more than a bit vague, if not distorted, and a significant error was made in the spelling of his name from London to Louden.
Eventually, historical research caught up to the legend. Using slave records and genealogical materials originally compiled by the Mormon Church in Utah, my late friend and historian Phil Reader was able to trace Nelson’s birth to a North Carolina (not Tennessee) cotton plantation owned by a slave master named William Nelson. As was the practice at the time, slaves were forced to assume the family name of their owner. William Nelson, in turn, named the slave children born onto his plantation after English place names: Canterbury, Marlborough, Cambridge—and London.
William Nelson’s youngest son, Matthew, eventually inherited the Nelson slaves from his father, and moved the family plantation to Tennessee. The discovery of gold in California in 1949, however, lured him farther westward. Promising both London and his younger brother, Marlborough, their freedom if they joined him, Matthew set up a claim on the American River, where the trio was to mine successfully for four years.
With his freedom secured, London Nelson eventually found his way to Santa Cruz in 1856, where, with his earnings from the goldfields, he bought a small piece of land (near what is today the rear parking lot of the downtown post office.) As Reader also discovered, Nelson joined another freed slave in Santa Cruz named Dave Boffman. Santa Cruz County was an abolitionist stronghold before the Civil War, and thus provided a tolerant, if not necessarily egalitarian, setting for a freed slave of African descent.

“History never stops revealing itself. It always continues. In some ways it’s a miracle that we’ve maintained this tradition.” — David Claytor

While going through the handwritten probate records on Nelson’s estate, I found at least three instances, the earliest dating back to August of 1860, in which Nelson’s first name appears to be spelled “Louden”—though it’s easy to see how the “n” in “London” could have been misconstrued for a “u,” and the “o” for an “e.” The handwriting was that of Elihu Anthony. The initial printed record of his probate, however, published in the Weekly Sentinel, clearly identified him as “London.”
A prominent local businessman, a former Methodist minister and an ardent Republican abolitionist (who would, ironically, in later years, become a leader in the city’s virulent anti-Chinese movement), Anthony had been chosen by Nelson to serve as the executor of his will. Whether by simply mistaking two letters on other written documents, or because he honestly believed that’s how the name was spelled, Anthony unwittingly initiated a conundrum that was to last for more than a century.
But Anthony was not alone in creating the controversy over Nelson’s name.      
While various probate records appearing in the Santa Cruz Sentinel identified him as London, the closing probate record in that paper referred to him as “Linden.”
Given the overt racism that still existed in post-Civil War America, the irony of Nelson’s generosity was not lost on the local community. A Sentinel editorial in 1868 pointed out that while Nelson had bequeathed his property to local schools, “There are a half dozen colored children in the District who … are anxious to be educated. Yet the white Christians deny them this boon, and refuse them admission.”
A blatantly racist article in the Santa Cruz Surf of 1896 was headlined “Nigger Nelson … The Story of an Every Day Darkey Who Turned His ‘Watermillions’ Into Dollars for the White Pickaninnies.” In that article, Nelson was referred to as London, although only a few weeks earlier he was identified by the same paper as “Ludlow Wilson.”
Throughout the early 1900s, local newspapers and historians invoked “London,” “Louden” and “Loudon,” but as the decades wore on, the mistaken name on his headstone began to take hold. Some ugly racism also permeated local history at that time. As late as 1939, Sentinel historian Robert Burton referred to him as “Nigger Nelson” and described him as “a humble darky” and “being, as all southern negroes are, a connoisseur of watermelon.” Burton—who got Nelson’s first name right—was a teacher at Santa Cruz High School and later served two terms on both the Santa Cruz City Council, and, in the 1960s, on the Santa Cruz County Board of Supervisors.
In the aftermath of World War II, the overt racism in newsprint diminished, but the mistake in Nelson’s name became ever more entrenched. For members of Santa Cruz’s post-World War II African-American community—many of whom had served in the all-black 54th Coast Artillery Regiment at Lighthouse Field—and for those of us who were raised in Santa Cruz during the postwar era, the legendary figure who was embraced as a symbol of generosity and goodwill at Evergreen Cemetery was named Louden Nelson—not London. It was the only name in common usage during this era.
It was the name first invoked in the 1950s by Chylow H. Brown, the first president of the local NAACP chapter, when he founded the Louden Nelson Foundation as an adjunct to his civil rights efforts here in Santa Cruz. Two decades later, with the Rev. Lowell Hunter, Brown’s son-in-law, and Wilma Campbell leading the charge, it was Louden that was fought for and Louden that was championed by activists in renaming the city’s community center in 1979.
Two decades later, Reader believed that Nelson’s name “London” should be restored to his given name at the community center and elsewhere in the historical record. Evans wasn’t so sure. As he pointed out, London was merely the man’s slave name, and we will likely never know his African name—the name his parents first gave him on the plantation in Carolina two centuries earlier.
That, of course, is the American legacy of racism which we all must bear. Perhaps it is fittingly ironic that Nelson’s slave name has been bastardized by history, and, maybe, that’s how it should be left. I will leave that for others to decide.
But the controversy over his name should not obfuscate his generous legacy, nor the humanity of the man who had been born into slavery when Thomas Jefferson—another slave owner and the father of slave children on his plantation in Virginia—assumed the presidency in what has long been celebrated as a golden moment in the American democratic tradition.
At best, it is a deeply tarnished tradition. But it makes the life of London Nelson all the more remarkable. He survived the atrocities of slavery in North Carolina and then Tennessee, made his way west to the California Gold Rush, freed himself through his tenacity and his labor, and made a life for himself in Santa Cruz on the western outpost of the American empire. He didn’t live long enough to experience the Emancipation Proclamation, nor the ensuing Civil Rights amendments. But he did live long enough to celebrate his own freedom.
Which brings us back to Juneteenth—the 150th anniversary of the first formal Juneteenth celebration in 1866 and the Silver Anniversary here in Santa Cruz. It’s a tenacious legacy.
“History never stops revealing itself,” organizer Claytor says. “It always continues. In some ways it’s a miracle that we’ve maintained this tradition. But even at this stage of the game it’s growing, still expanding. We’ve been blessed with a lot of support and generosity from the community. And our goal is to make Juneteenth survive and thrive.”

Juneteenth will be held from noon to 5 p.m., Saturday, June 11, at the Louden Nelson Community Center. A parade led by Double Dee’s Brass String Band will begin at the Museum of Art & History at 11:30 a.m. Sponsors for the event include the Santa Cruz Warriors; the Louden Nelson Community Center; the Museum of Art & History; Sure Thing Productions & Management; the Arts Council of Santa Cruz County; the City of Santa Cruz; and Ow Family Properties. Portions of this article appeared in Santa Cruz Is in the Heart: Volume II, by Geoffrey Dunn (Capitola Book Company).